Vitamins and Their Types

Vitamins:

These are organic substances while require in minute amount to regulate body processes.
They are generally taken through diet
Word Vitamin originate from “Vital Amine” (those amines which is necessary for us)
First Vitamin discovered is Ohiamine (VITAMINS-B1)
But it is not necessary that every Vitamin have amine group.

Types of Vitamins:

On the basis of solubility
1:    Fat soluble Vitamins (A.D.E.K)
2;    Water soluble Vitamins (B-Complex, C)

1.    FAT Soluble Vitamins:
·    It can be stored in body
·    Found in liver especially Vitamins K
·    Vitamins are present in meat organs

2.    Water Soluble Vitamins:
·    Include Vitamins B Complex (B1,B2,B3,B5,B7,B9,B12)
·    Vitamins C (Ascorbic Acid)
Classification on the basis of functions of Vitamins:
1.    Energy producing & releasing Vitamins:
·    e.g.: NADH (B3), FAD (B2)

2.    Antioxidant Vitamins:
·    They have extra free radical such as fee H & can donate H
·    E.g.: Vitamins-C, Vitamins-E, A (ACE)

Vitamins have cosmetic application:
·    Some Vitamins are important for skin, hair & nail to cure many diseases or have cosmetic application
·    e.g.: Vitamins-A(for skin), Vitamins-E, Vitamins-C
·    Vitamins B7 (biotic) It is present in all hair cosmetics and help in hair growth

A.    WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS:

1)    Vitamin B3 (Niacin):

Structure of Vitamin B3

It has two forms
a. nicotine amide
b. nicotinic acid

These are Vitamins to each other,Vitamins are the form of Vitamins which contain the biological activity of particular Vitamins.

Co-Enzyme of Vitamins B3:

·    NAD+   
·    NADP   
·    NADH2
NADPH2

Components of  NAD -	Components of NADP
1:     Nicotine amide	1:      Nicotine amide
2:     Two pentose’s         (Ribose Sugar)	2:      Two pentose’s          (Ribose Sugar)
3:     Two phosphoric acid (H3PO4)	3:     Three phosphoric acid              (H3PO4)
4:     One adenine	4:     One adenine

Functions of Vitamins B3 as Co-Enzyme:

1.    Pyruvate >>>>>>>>> Lactate
2.    Co Enzyme for malate dehydrogenease (MDH)
    OAA >>>>>>Malate
3.    For G3P dehydrogenase (G3PDH)
    G3P >>>>>>> 1.3 diphosphoglucerate

Sources of Vitamins B3:

·    Richest sources are liver and kidney
·    Also present in Meat, Fish, green leafy vegetables, beans, Peas, Egg, Milk, Nuts

RDA (Re commanded daily Allowance) of Vitamins B3:

17-21 miligrams / day

Deficiency of Vitamins B3:

Deficiency causes “Pellagra” (means rough skin)
This disease affect 3 organs system
1:    Skin    2:    Nervous System    3:    G.T. Tract

Symptoms:

Glossitis

·    Dry skin, Scaly Skin
·    Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
·    Stomatitis (inflammation of mouth0
·    Other is >Mylin sheath degeneration resulting in Paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as burning , pin & needle sensation and crawling sensation)
·    Loss of mental function specially cognitive functions (control all antiVitaminsies related with intellect e.g, thought processing, memory behavior)
·    Pellagra is indicated by “ 3’D’s ”:
·    Dermatitis    (itching skin)
·    Dementia    (nervous system)
·    Diarrhea    (GIT)

Reason of Deficiency:

1    when stable diet consist of low quality protein e.g; maize/corn does not contain tryphtophan in good amount. Tryphtophan convert in to niacin with the help of Vitamins B6. This process is of various steps.
2    Hartnup Disease:  there is decease in absorption of tryphtophan from GIT and decease in the renal re-absorption of tryphtophan.
3    Carcinoid Tumor: (Tumor of GIT)
They produce large amount of serotonin (5HD)

Toxicity of Niacin / Vitamins B3:

Acanthosis Nigricans

·    Acanthosis Nigricans
When it is taken in access amount it causes darkening of skin present in body e.g; in axilla. This condition is called Acanthosis Nigricans. It can also be define as;
    “Brown or black hyper pigmentation of skin in body folds such as neck, axilla, forehead etc..”

Uses of Vitamins B3:

·    used in the treatment of Pellergra or other Vitamins B, deficiency.
·    used for decreasing Cholesterol.
·    Nicotine acid decrease cholesterol while Nicotine amide has no effect on cholesterol.
·    Nicotinic acid is used as Hypolipideic Drug

Disadvantages:

·    Nicotinic acid can be cause Flushing (Vasodilatation occur due to which there is burning sensation while causes itching.)
·    It is a side effect in the treatment of hypercholestemia.
·    Normally flushing effect on skin.

*NOTE:  TO BE CONTINUED...
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Regards